4 files changed, 123 insertions, 92 deletions

diff --git a/src/tests/video_core/buffer_base.cpp b/src/tests/video_core/buffer_base.cpp
index edced69bb..cfcdc2253 100644
--- a/src/tests/video_core/buffer_base.cpp
+++ b/src/tests/video_core/buffer_base.cpp
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Cached write downloads") {
     REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 63);
     buffer.MarkRegionAsGpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE);
     int num = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachDownloadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
+    buffer.ForEachDownloadRange(c, WORD, true, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
     buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
     REQUIRE(num == 0);
     REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h
index b121d36a3..a56b4c3a8 100644
--- a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h
@@ -226,19 +226,19 @@ public:
     /// Call 'func' for each CPU modified range and unmark those pages as CPU modified
     template <typename Func>
     void ForEachUploadRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, u64 size, Func&& func) {
-        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::CPU>(query_cpu_range, size, func);
+        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::CPU>(query_cpu_range, size, true, func);
     }
 
     /// Call 'func' for each GPU modified range and unmark those pages as GPU modified
     template <typename Func>
-    void ForEachDownloadRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, u64 size, Func&& func) {
-        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU>(query_cpu_range, size, func);
+    void ForEachDownloadRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, u64 size, bool clear, Func&& func) {
+        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU>(query_cpu_range, size, clear, func);
     }
 
     /// Call 'func' for each GPU modified range and unmark those pages as GPU modified
     template <typename Func>
     void ForEachDownloadRange(Func&& func) {
-        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU>(cpu_addr, SizeBytes(), func);
+        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU>(cpu_addr, SizeBytes(), true, func);
     }
 
     /// Mark buffer as picked
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ private:
      * @param func            Function to call for each turned off region
      */
     template <Type type, typename Func>
-    void ForEachModifiedRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, s64 size, Func&& func) {
+    void ForEachModifiedRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, s64 size, bool clear, Func&& func) {
         static_assert(type != Type::Untracked);
 
         const s64 difference = query_cpu_range - cpu_addr;
@@ -467,7 +467,9 @@ private:
             bits = (bits << left_offset) >> left_offset;
 
             const u64 current_word = state_words[word_index] & bits;
-            state_words[word_index] &= ~bits;
+            if (clear) {
+              state_words[word_index] &= ~bits;
+            }
 
             if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
                 const u64 current_bits = untracked_words[word_index] & bits;
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
index cad7f902d..d28930e80 100644
--- a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <boost/icl/interval_set.hpp>
 #include <boost/container/small_vector.hpp>
 
 #include "common/common_types.h"
@@ -77,6 +78,9 @@ class BufferCache {
     using Runtime = typename P::Runtime;
     using Buffer = typename P::Buffer;
 
+    using IntervalSet = boost::icl::interval_set<VAddr>;
+    using IntervalType = typename IntervalSet::interval_type;
+
     struct Empty {};
 
     struct OverlapResult {
@@ -153,6 +157,7 @@ public:
 
     /// Commit asynchronous downloads
     void CommitAsyncFlushes();
+    void CommitAsyncFlushesHigh();
 
     /// Pop asynchronous downloads
     void PopAsyncFlushes();
@@ -160,6 +165,9 @@ public:
     /// Return true when a CPU region is modified from the GPU
     [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionGpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size);
 
+    /// Return true when a CPU region is modified from the GPU
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionCpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size);
+
     std::mutex mutex;
 
 private:
@@ -272,8 +280,6 @@ private:
 
     void DeleteBuffer(BufferId buffer_id);
 
-    void ReplaceBufferDownloads(BufferId old_buffer_id, BufferId new_buffer_id);
-
     void NotifyBufferDeletion();
 
     [[nodiscard]] Binding StorageBufferBinding(GPUVAddr ssbo_addr) const;
@@ -328,8 +334,9 @@ private:
     std::vector<BufferId> cached_write_buffer_ids;
 
     // TODO: This data structure is not optimal and it should be reworked
-    std::vector<BufferId> uncommitted_downloads;
-    std::deque<std::vector<BufferId>> committed_downloads;
+    IntervalSet  uncommitted_ranges;
+    std::deque<IntervalSet> committed_ranges;
+    std::deque<boost::container::small_vector<BufferCopy, 4>> pending_downloads;
 
     size_t immediate_buffer_capacity = 0;
     std::unique_ptr<u8[]> immediate_buffer_alloc;
@@ -547,82 +554,101 @@ void BufferCache<P>::FlushCachedWrites() {
 
 template <class P>
 bool BufferCache<P>::HasUncommittedFlushes() const noexcept {
-    return !uncommitted_downloads.empty();
+    return !uncommitted_ranges.empty();
 }
 
 template <class P>
 bool BufferCache<P>::ShouldWaitAsyncFlushes() const noexcept {
-    return !committed_downloads.empty() && !committed_downloads.front().empty();
-}
-
-template <class P>
-void BufferCache<P>::CommitAsyncFlushes() {
-    // This is intentionally passing the value by copy
-    committed_downloads.push_front(uncommitted_downloads);
-    uncommitted_downloads.clear();
+    return false;
 }
 
 template <class P>
-void BufferCache<P>::PopAsyncFlushes() {
-    if (committed_downloads.empty()) {
-        return;
-    }
-    auto scope_exit_pop_download = detail::ScopeExit([this] { committed_downloads.pop_back(); });
-    const std::span<const BufferId> download_ids = committed_downloads.back();
-    if (download_ids.empty()) {
-        return;
-    }
-    MICROPROFILE_SCOPE(GPU_DownloadMemory);
-
-    boost::container::small_vector<std::pair<BufferCopy, BufferId>, 1> downloads;
-    u64 total_size_bytes = 0;
-    u64 largest_copy = 0;
-    for (const BufferId buffer_id : download_ids) {
-        slot_buffers[buffer_id].ForEachDownloadRange([&](u64 range_offset, u64 range_size) {
+void BufferCache<P>::CommitAsyncFlushesHigh() {
+  const IntervalSet& intervals = uncommitted_ranges;
+  if (intervals.empty()) {
+      return;
+  }
+  MICROPROFILE_SCOPE(GPU_DownloadMemory);
+
+  boost::container::small_vector<std::pair<BufferCopy, BufferId>, 1> downloads;
+  u64 total_size_bytes = 0;
+  u64 largest_copy = 0;
+  for (auto& interval : intervals) {
+      const std::size_t size = interval.upper() - interval.lower();
+      const VAddr cpu_addr = interval.lower();
+      const VAddr cpu_addr_end = interval.upper();
+      ForEachBufferInRange(cpu_addr, size, [&](BufferId buffer_id, Buffer& buffer) {
+          boost::container::small_vector<BufferCopy, 1> copies;
+          buffer.ForEachDownloadRange(cpu_addr, size, false, [&](u64 range_offset, u64 range_size) {
+            VAddr cpu_addr_base = buffer.CpuAddr() + range_offset;
+            VAddr cpu_addr_end2 = cpu_addr_base + range_size;
+            const s64 difference = s64(cpu_addr_end2 - cpu_addr_end);
+            cpu_addr_end2 -= u64(std::max<s64>(difference, 0));
+            const s64 difference2 = s64(cpu_addr - cpu_addr_base);
+            cpu_addr_base += u64(std::max<s64>(difference2, 0));
+            const u64 new_size = cpu_addr_end2 - cpu_addr_base;
+            const u64 new_offset = cpu_addr_base - buffer.CpuAddr();
+            ASSERT(!IsRegionCpuModified(cpu_addr_base, new_size));
             downloads.push_back({
                 BufferCopy{
-                    .src_offset = range_offset,
+                    .src_offset = new_offset,
                     .dst_offset = total_size_bytes,
-                    .size = range_size,
+                    .size = new_size,
                 },
                 buffer_id,
             });
-            total_size_bytes += range_size;
-            largest_copy = std::max(largest_copy, range_size);
-        });
-    }
-    if (downloads.empty()) {
-        return;
-    }
-    if constexpr (USE_MEMORY_MAPS) {
-        auto download_staging = runtime.DownloadStagingBuffer(total_size_bytes);
-        for (auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
-            // Have in mind the staging buffer offset for the copy
-            copy.dst_offset += download_staging.offset;
-            const std::array copies{copy};
-            runtime.CopyBuffer(download_staging.buffer, slot_buffers[buffer_id], copies);
-        }
-        runtime.Finish();
-        for (const auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
-            const Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
-            const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.src_offset;
-            // Undo the modified offset
-            const u64 dst_offset = copy.dst_offset - download_staging.offset;
-            const u8* read_mapped_memory = download_staging.mapped_span.data() + dst_offset;
-            cpu_memory.WriteBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, read_mapped_memory, copy.size);
-        }
+            total_size_bytes += new_size;
+            buffer.UnmarkRegionAsGpuModified(cpu_addr_base, new_size);
+            largest_copy = std::max(largest_copy, new_size);
+          });
+      });
+  }
+  if (downloads.empty()) {
+      return;
+  }
+  if constexpr (USE_MEMORY_MAPS) {
+      auto download_staging = runtime.DownloadStagingBuffer(total_size_bytes);
+      for (auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
+          // Have in mind the staging buffer offset for the copy
+          copy.dst_offset += download_staging.offset;
+          const std::array copies{copy};
+          runtime.CopyBuffer(download_staging.buffer, slot_buffers[buffer_id], copies);
+      }
+      runtime.Finish();
+      for (const auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
+          const Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
+          const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.src_offset;
+          // Undo the modified offset
+          const u64 dst_offset = copy.dst_offset - download_staging.offset;
+          const u8* read_mapped_memory = download_staging.mapped_span.data() + dst_offset;
+          cpu_memory.WriteBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, read_mapped_memory, copy.size);
+      }
+  } else {
+      const std::span<u8> immediate_buffer = ImmediateBuffer(largest_copy);
+      for (const auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
+          Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
+          buffer.ImmediateDownload(copy.src_offset, immediate_buffer.subspan(0, copy.size));
+          const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.src_offset;
+          cpu_memory.WriteBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, immediate_buffer.data(), copy.size);
+      }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class P>
+void BufferCache<P>::CommitAsyncFlushes() {
+    if (Settings::values.gpu_accuracy.GetValue() == Settings::GPUAccuracy::High) {
+        CommitAsyncFlushesHigh();
     } else {
-        const std::span<u8> immediate_buffer = ImmediateBuffer(largest_copy);
-        for (const auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
-            Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
-            buffer.ImmediateDownload(copy.src_offset, immediate_buffer.subspan(0, copy.size));
-            const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.src_offset;
-            cpu_memory.WriteBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, immediate_buffer.data(), copy.size);
-        }
+        uncommitted_ranges.clear();
     }
 }
 
 template <class P>
+void BufferCache<P>::PopAsyncFlushes() {
+
+}
+
+template <class P>
 bool BufferCache<P>::IsRegionGpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size) {
     const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(addr + size, PAGE_SIZE);
     for (u64 page = addr >> PAGE_BITS; page < page_end;) {
@@ -642,6 +668,25 @@ bool BufferCache<P>::IsRegionGpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size) {
 }
 
 template <class P>
+bool BufferCache<P>::IsRegionCpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size) {
+    const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(addr + size, PAGE_SIZE);
+    for (u64 page = addr >> PAGE_BITS; page < page_end;) {
+        const BufferId image_id = page_table[page];
+        if (!image_id) {
+            ++page;
+            continue;
+        }
+        Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[image_id];
+        if (buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(addr, size)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        const VAddr end_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + buffer.SizeBytes();
+        page = Common::DivCeil(end_addr, PAGE_SIZE);
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::BindHostIndexBuffer() {
     Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[index_buffer.buffer_id];
     TouchBuffer(buffer);
@@ -1010,16 +1055,13 @@ void BufferCache<P>::MarkWrittenBuffer(BufferId buffer_id, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 s
     Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
     buffer.MarkRegionAsGpuModified(cpu_addr, size);
 
-    const bool is_accuracy_high = Settings::IsGPULevelHigh();
+    const bool is_accuracy_high = Settings::values.gpu_accuracy.GetValue() == Settings::GPUAccuracy::High;
     const bool is_async = Settings::values.use_asynchronous_gpu_emulation.GetValue();
-    if (!is_accuracy_high || !is_async) {
-        return;
-    }
-    if (std::ranges::find(uncommitted_downloads, buffer_id) != uncommitted_downloads.end()) {
-        // Already inserted
+    if (!is_async && !is_accuracy_high) {
         return;
     }
-    uncommitted_downloads.push_back(buffer_id);
+    const IntervalType base_interval{cpu_addr, cpu_addr + size};
+    uncommitted_ranges.add(base_interval);
 }
 
 template <class P>
@@ -1103,7 +1145,6 @@ void BufferCache<P>::JoinOverlap(BufferId new_buffer_id, BufferId overlap_id,
     if (!copies.empty()) {
         runtime.CopyBuffer(slot_buffers[new_buffer_id], overlap, copies);
     }
-    ReplaceBufferDownloads(overlap_id, new_buffer_id);
     DeleteBuffer(overlap_id);
 }
 
@@ -1244,7 +1285,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::DownloadBufferMemory(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u64 si
     boost::container::small_vector<BufferCopy, 1> copies;
     u64 total_size_bytes = 0;
     u64 largest_copy = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachDownloadRange(cpu_addr, size, [&](u64 range_offset, u64 range_size) {
+    buffer.ForEachDownloadRange(cpu_addr, size, true, [&](u64 range_offset, u64 range_size) {
         copies.push_back(BufferCopy{
             .src_offset = range_offset,
             .dst_offset = total_size_bytes,
@@ -1316,18 +1357,6 @@ void BufferCache<P>::DeleteBuffer(BufferId buffer_id) {
 }
 
 template <class P>
-void BufferCache<P>::ReplaceBufferDownloads(BufferId old_buffer_id, BufferId new_buffer_id) {
-    const auto replace = [old_buffer_id, new_buffer_id](std::vector<BufferId>& buffers) {
-        std::ranges::replace(buffers, old_buffer_id, new_buffer_id);
-        if (auto it = std::ranges::find(buffers, new_buffer_id); it != buffers.end()) {
-            buffers.erase(std::remove(it + 1, buffers.end(), new_buffer_id), buffers.end());
-        }
-    };
-    replace(uncommitted_downloads);
-    std::ranges::for_each(committed_downloads, replace);
-}
-
-template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::NotifyBufferDeletion() {
     if constexpr (HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS) {
         dirty_uniform_buffers.fill(~u32{0});
diff --git a/src/video_core/texture_cache/types.h b/src/video_core/texture_cache/types.h
index 9fbdc1ac6..47a11cb2f 100644
--- a/src/video_core/texture_cache/types.h
+++ b/src/video_core/texture_cache/types.h
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ struct BufferImageCopy {
 };
 
 struct BufferCopy {
-    size_t src_offset;
-    size_t dst_offset;
+    u64 src_offset;
+    u64 dst_offset;
     size_t size;
 };